Concepts

  • Germany fought the First World War (1914тАУ1918) along with the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia).
  • Germany initially made gains by occupying France and Belgium. However, the Allies won defeating Germany and the Central Powers in 1918.
  • Allies: The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941┬а they were jointed by the USSR and USA. They fought against the Axis Powers , Namely Germany , Italy and Japan.
  • Under the shadow of the Second World War, Germany had waged a genocidal war. ( 6 millions Jews, 200000 Gypsices and 1 million Polish civilians and 70000┬а Germans were killed )
  • Genocidal - Mass murder of selected groups of innocent people.
  • The birth of Weimar Republic refers to the establishment of the democratic government in Germany after the end of the First World War. It took place in 1918 and lasted until 1933 when the Nazi party came into power. Background: Germany had been ruled by the monarchy for centuries until the end of WWI.
  • The effects of the war:
    • ┬аDevastating ( рднрдпрд╛рдирдХ ) impact on the entire continent both psychologically and financially.
    • Europe turned into one of debtors (рдпреВрд░реЛрдк рдХрд░реНрдЬрджрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдмрди рдЧрдпрд╛).
    • The infant Weimar Republic was being made to pay for the sins of the old empire.)рдирд╡рдЬрд╛рдд рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреЗ рд╕рд╛рдореНрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдкреЛрдВ рдХреА рдХреАрдордд рдЪреБрдХрд╛рдиреА рдкрдбрд╝ рд░рд╣реА рдереА)
    • The republic carried the burden of war guilt and national humiliation and was financially crippled by being forced to pay compensation. Those who supported the Weimar Republic, mainly Socialists, Catholics, and Democrats, became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circles. (рдЧрдгрддрдВрддреНрд░ рдиреЗ рдпреБрджреНрдз рдЕрдкрд░рд╛рдзрдмреЛрдз рдФрд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдЕрдкрдорд╛рди рдХрд╛ рдмреЛрдЭ рдЙрдард╛рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдореБрдЖрд╡рдЬрд╛ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдордЬрдмреВрд░ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдВрдЧ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд╡реЗрдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рдорд░реНрдерди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ, рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬрд╡рд╛рджреА, рдХреИрдереЛрд▓рд┐рдХ рдФрд░ рдбреЗрдореЛрдХреНрд░реЗрдЯ, рд░реВрдврд╝рд┐рд╡рд╛рджреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд╡рд╛рджреА рд╣рд▓рдХреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдорд▓реЗ рдХрд╛ рдЖрд╕рд╛рди рдирд┐рд╢рд╛рдирд╛ рдмрди рдЧрдПред)
    • They were mockingly called the "November criminals". The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive, strong, and masculine.
  • Political Radicalism and Economic Crisis тАУ The birth of the Weimer Republic coincided with the uprising of the Spartacist League on the pattern of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The Spartacists founded the Communist Party of Germany.┬аPolitical radicalization was heightened by the economic crisis of 1923.рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐рдХ рдХрдЯреНрдЯрд░рд╡рд╛рдж рдФрд░ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ - рд╡реЗрдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХрд╛ рдЬрдиреНрдо рд░реВрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдмреЛрд▓реНрд╢реЗрд╡рд┐рдХ рдХреНрд░рд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдХреА рддрд░реНрдЬ рдкрд░ рд╕реНрдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯрд╛рд╕рд┐рд╕реНрдЯ рд▓реАрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рджреНрд░реЛрд╣ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реБрдЖред рд╕реНрдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯрд╛рд╕рд┐рд╕реНрдЯреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдХреА рдХрдореНрдпреБрдирд┐рд╕реНрдЯ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреАред 1923 рдХреЗ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ рд╕реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐рдХ рдХрдЯреНрдЯрд░рдкрдВрде рдмрдврд╝ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
  • What Was The Effect of First World War On Germany: The Years of Depression
    • The years between 1924 and 1928 saw some stability. Yet this was built on sand. German investments and industrial recovery were totally dependent on short-term loans, largely from the USA.
    • This support was withdrawn when the Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929. Fearing a fall in prices, people made frantic efforts to sell their shares.
    • This was the start of the Great Economic Depression. The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 percent of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages.
    • The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million. As jobs disappeared, the youth took to criminal activities and total despair became commonplace. The economic crisis created deep anxieties and fears in people.
    • Only organized workers could manage to keep their heads above water, but unemployment weakened their bargaining power. Big business was in crisis. The large mass of peasantry was affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices and women, unable to fill their childrenя┐╜s stomachs, were filled with a sense of deep despair. Politically too the Weimar Republic was fragile.
    • The Weimar constitution had some inherent defects, which made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship. One was proportional representation. This made achieving a majority by any one party a near-impossible task, leading to a rule by coalitions. Another defect was Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights, and rule by decree.
    • Within its short life, the Weimar Republic saw twenty different cabinets lasting on an average of 239 days, and liberal use of Article 48. Yet the crisis could not be managed. People lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system, which seemed to offer no solutions.
  • The Weimer Republic had some inherent defects :1. Proportional Representation

    2. Article 48 тАФ which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.

  • HITLERтАЩS RISE TO POWERHitler was born in Austria in 1889. He earned many medals for bravery in the First World War. The German defeat horrified him. The Treaty of Versailles made him furious. He joined the German Workers Party and renamed it National Socialist German WorkersтАЩ Party. This later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

    Nazism became a mass movement only during the Great Depression. The Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future. Hitler was a powerful and effective speaker. He promised the people a strong nation where all would get employment.His politics included the significant rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization. Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a saviour.

  • Hitler pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan : One people, One empire, One leader. Hitler ignored the SchachtтАЩs advice of not to invest hugely in rearmament.┬аHe then took Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Hitler had the unspoken support of England.Hitler did not stop here. He chose war as a way out of the Economic Crisis.Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory. In September 1940 Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England. USA resisted involvement in the war. But when Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombarded Pearl Harbour, the USA entered the war. The war ended in 1945 with HitlerтАЩs defeat and the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
  • THE NAZI WORLD VIEW

    According to Nazi ideology there was no equality between people, but only racial hierarchy. The Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were considered undesirable. They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. Jews, Gypsies, blacks, Russian, Poles, even certain Germans and abnormal were considered undesirable.

    The other aspect of HitlerтАЩs ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum, or living space.

    Jews were the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. Hitler believed in pseudo scientific theories of race which said that conversion was no solution to the Jewish problem. It had to be solved through their total elimination.

    From┬а1933тАУ1938┬атАФ the Nazis terrorized, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave the country.

    The next phase,┬а1939тАУ1945,┬аaimed at concentrating them in certain areas and then killing the min gas chambers in Poland.

    The Racial Utopia

    Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin. Occupied Poland was divided. Poles were forced to leave their homes and properties behind to be occupied by ethnic Germans brought in from occupied Europe.

    YOUTH IN NAZI GERMANY

    Hitler felt that a strong Nazi society could be established by teaching Nazi ideology to children.All schools were given German teachers. Children were divided into two groups тАФ desirable and undesirable. Textbooks were rewritten, functions of sports in schools was to nurture the spirit of violence and aggression. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk. At 14, all boys joined тАШHitler YouthтАЩ, they joined the Labour Service at 18.

    The Nazi Cult of Motherhood┬атАФ Women were told to be good mothers and rear pure blooded Aryan children. They were encouraged to produce many children. They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.

  • рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдХреЛрдИ рд╕рдорд╛рдирддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдереА, рдмрд▓реНрдХрд┐ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдирд╕реНрд▓реАрдп рдкрджрд╛рдиреБрдХреНрд░рдо рдерд╛ред рдирд╛рдЬрд╝рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЙрди рд╕рднреА рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдп рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛, рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдЬрд░реНрдордиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдирд╕реНрд▓реАрдп рд╕рдореБрджрд╛рдп рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕рдкрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рддреБрд░рдВрдд рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред рд╡реЗ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рдиреЙрд░реНрдбрд┐рдХ рдЖрд░реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рдереЗред рдпрд╣реВрджреА, рдЬрд┐рдкреНрд╕реА, рдЕрд╢реНрд╡реЗрдд, рд░реВрд╕реА, рдкреЛрд▓реНрд╕, рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ рддрдХ тАЛтАЛрдХрд┐ рдХреБрдЫ рдЬрд░реНрдорди рдФрд░ рдЕрд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдп рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ред

    рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдХреА рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛ рджреВрд╕рд░рд╛ рдкрд╣рд▓реВ рд▓реЗрдмреЗрдиреНрд╕рд░рдо, рдпрд╛ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдХреА рднреВрд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐рдХ рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рд╣реИред

    рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╣реВрджреА рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдкреАрдбрд╝рд┐рдд рдереЗред рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдирд╕реНрд▓ рдХреЗ рдЫрджреНрдо рд╡реИрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд┐рдХ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрддреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдзрд░реНрдорд╛рдВрддрд░рдг рдпрд╣реВрджреА рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рдзрд╛рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕реЗ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЙрдиреНрдореВрд▓рди рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╣рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдерд╛ред

    1933-1938 рддрдХ - рдирд╛рдЬрд╝рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрддрдВрдХрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рдХрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛, рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рджреЗрд╢ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдордЬрдмреВрд░ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ред

    рдЕрдЧрд▓реЗ рдЪрд░рдг, 1939-1945, рдХрд╛ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдлрд┐рд░ рдкреЛрд▓реИрдВрдб рдореЗрдВ рдорд┐рди рдЧреИрд╕ рдЪреИрдВрдмрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдерд╛ред

    рдирд╕реНрд▓реАрдп рдпреВрдЯреЛрдкрд┐рдпрд╛

    рдирд░рд╕рдВрд╣рд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдпреБрджреНрдз рдПрдХ рд╣реА рд╕рд┐рдХреНрдХреЗ рдХреЗ рджреЛ рдкрд╣рд▓реВ рдмрди рдЧрдпреЗред рдЕрдзрд┐рдХреГрдд рдкреЛрд▓реИрдВрдб рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдкреЛрд▓реНрд╕ рдХреЛ рдпреВрд░реЛрдк рдХреЗ рдХрдмреНрдЬреЗ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд╛рдП рдЧрдП рдЬрд╛рддреАрдп рдЬрд░реНрдордиреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрдмреНрдЬрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдШрд░реЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдордЬрдмреВрд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

    рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдореЗрдВ рдпреБрд╡рд╛

    рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдЬреА рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рд┐рдЦрд╛рдХрд░ рдПрдХ рдордЬрдмреВрдд рдирд╛рдЬреА рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреА рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИред рд╕рднреА рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬрд░реНрдорди рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдХ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдПред рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджреЛ рд╕рдореВрд╣реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ - рд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдп рдФрд░ рдЕрд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдпред рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛, рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЦреЗрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рд╣рд┐рдВрд╕рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЖрдХреНрд░рд╛рдордХрддрд╛ рдХреА рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рд╡рд╛ рджреЗрдирд╛ рдерд╛ред рджрд╕ рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬреБрдВрдЧрд╡реЛрд▓реНрдХ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ред 14 рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдЙрдореНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рднреА рд▓рдбрд╝рдХреЗ 'рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдпреВрде' рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдП, 18 рд╕рд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдЙрдореНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡реЗ рд╢реНрд░рдо рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛ рдЧрдПред

    рдорд╛рддреГрддреНрд╡ рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдкрдВрде - рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдорд╛рдБ рдмрдирдиреЗ рдФрд░ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рд░рдХреНрдд рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЖрд░реНрдп рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди-рдкреЛрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдХрдИ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреНрд░реЛрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЖрд░реНрдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрд┐ рдФрд░ рдирд╕реНрд▓ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╛рд╣рдХ рдмрдирдирд╛ рдерд╛ред

  • The Art of Propaganda┬атАФ The Nazi regime used language and media with care and often to great effect. They used films, pictures, radio, posters, etc. to spread hatred for Jews. Nazism worked on the minds of the people, tapped their emotions, and turned their hatred and anger at those marked as тАШundesirableтАЩ.

    Crimes against Humanity┬атАФ People saw the world through Nazi eyes and spoke the Nazi language. At times even the Jews began to believe in the Nazi stereotypes about them.

    Knowledge about the Holocaust┬атАФIt was only after the war ended that people came to know about what had happened. The Jews wanted the world to know about the atrocities and sufferings they had endured during the Nazi killing operations. They just wanted to live, even if it was for a few hours, to tell the world about the Holocaust.

  • рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдХрд▓рд╛ - рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдиреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдФрд░ рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдФрд░ рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рдмрдбрд╝реЗ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдирдлрд░рдд рдлреИрд▓рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЛрдВ, рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░реЛрдВ, рд░реЗрдбрд┐рдпреЛ, рдкреЛрд╕реНрдЯрд░реЛрдВ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХрд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдиреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧ рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рдЙрдирдХреА рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рджреЛрд╣рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рдФрд░ 'рдЕрд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдп' рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд┐рд╣реНрдирд┐рдд рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреА рдирдлрд░рдд рдФрд░ рдЧреБрд╕реНрд╕реЗ рдХреЛ рдмрджрд▓ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред

    рдорд╛рдирд╡рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реБрджреНрдз рдЕрдкрд░рд╛рдз - рд▓реЛрдЧ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдирдЬрд╝рд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рджреЗрдЦрддреЗ рдереЗ рдФрд░ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдмреЛрд▓рддреЗ рдереЗред рдХрднреА-рдХрднреА рдпрд╣реВрджреА рднреА рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╛рдЬреА рд░реВрдврд╝рд┐рд╡рд╛рджрд┐рддрд╛ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд▓рдЧреЗред

    рдкреНрд░рд▓рдп рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди - рдпреБрджреНрдз рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрдд рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╣реА рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрддрд╛ рдЪрд▓рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рдерд╛ред рдпрд╣реВрджреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рдереЗ рдХрд┐ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рд╣рддреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрднрд┐рдпрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рдЙрдирдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рд╣реЗ рдЧрдП рдЕрддреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдкреАрдбрд╝рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗред рд╡реЗ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЛ рдирд░рд╕рдВрд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╕ рдЬреАрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рдереЗ, рднрд▓реЗ рд╣реА рд╡рд╣ рдХреБрдЫ рдШрдВрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реА рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рди рд╣реЛред

Questions & Answers

Very Short Long Answers:

Question 1. The Great Depression was a period of _______ .
Answer: Economic crisis

Question 2. What is the German Parliament known as ?
Answer: The German Parliament is known as the Reichstag.

Question 3. A camp where people were isolated and detained without due process of law, referred to as ______ .
Answer: Concentration camp

Question 4. Which Article of the Weimar Constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree ?
Answer: Article 48

Question 5. Who offered the chancellorship to Hitler on 30 January 1933 ?
Answer: President Hindenburg

Question 6. People of Weimar Republic lost confidence in the democratic _______ .
Answer: Parliamentary system

Question 7. The Nazi Party had become largest party by _______ .
Answer: 1932

Question 8.The Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Japan and _______ .
Answer: Italy

Question 9. Nazi propaganda projected _______ .
Answer: Hitler as a messiah

Question 10. Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years of age were called _______ .
Answer: Jungvolk

Question 11. What was Auschwitz ?
Answer: Auschwitz was the centre for mass killing during Nazi rule.

Question 12. What was the original name of Nazi party ?
Answer: The National Socialist German Workers Party.

Question 13. The gas chambers that looked like bathrooms, equipped with fake shower heads, were labelled as _ .
Answer: Disinfection areas

Question 14.How did Hitler view war ?
Answer: Hitler viewed war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis.

Long Answers:

Question 1:┬аDescribe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

The problems faced by the Weimar Republic were as follows:

  1. The Weimar constitution had Inherent drawbacks making the Weimar Republic fragile.
    • One was proportional representation which made it difficult for any party to get a majority leading to coalition governments.
    • Article 48, which gave the President the power to rule by decree, suspend civil rights and to impose an emergency.
      People lost confidence in a democratic parliamentary system.
  2. The Weimar Republic was not received well by the people because of the terms it was forced to accept at Versailles at the end of the First World War. It was a harsh and humiliating treaty that Germany had to accept with the Allies. Many people held the Weimar Republic responsible for the defeat in the war and for accepting the terms of the Treaty of Versailles,
  3. In 1923 Germany refused to pay reparation payments and the French occupied its leading industrial area, the Ruhr, to claim their coal. Germany offered passive resistance and printed paper currency. With too much paper currency in circulation, the value of the German mark fell. The situation is called hyperinflation.
  4. The Weimar Republic had to face another economic crisis. The USA Withdrew her support when Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929. German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages. The number of unemployed reached 6 million. The economic crisis created a feeling of fear among the people.

рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рдЖрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛рдПрдБ рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдереАрдВ:

рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдирд┐рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрдорд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдереАрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдЬреБрдХ рдмрдирд╛рддреА рдереАрдВред
рдПрдХ рдЖрдиреБрдкрд╛рддрд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдирд┐рдзрд┐рддреНрд╡ рдерд╛ рдЬрд┐рд╕рдиреЗ рдЧрдардмрдВрдзрди рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╣реБрдордд рд╣рд╛рд╕рд┐рд▓ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдореБрд╢реНрдХрд┐рд▓ рдмрдирд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред
рдЕрдиреБрдЪреНрдЫреЗрдж 48, рдЬреЛ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдбрд┐рдХреНрд░реА рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╢рд╛рд╕рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ, рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд▓рдВрдмрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЖрдкрд╛рддрдХрд╛рд▓ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЛрдХрддрд╛рдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрд╕рджреАрдп рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА рд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕ рдЙрда рдЧрдпрд╛ред
рдкреНрд░рдердо рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдпреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд╛рдп рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд░реНрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдордЬрдмреВрд░ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рдХрдареЛрд░ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЕрдкрдорд╛рдирдЬрдирдХ рд╕рдВрдзрд┐ рдереА рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдХреЛ рдорд┐рддреНрд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ред рдХрдИ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдпреБрджреНрдз рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд╛рдп рдХреА рд╕рдВрдзрд┐ рдХреА рд╢рд░реНрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рдЬрд┐рдореНрдореЗрджрд╛рд░ рдард╣рд░рд╛рдпрд╛,
1923 рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдиреЗ рдХреНрд╖рддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рднреБрдЧрддрд╛рди рджреЗрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЗрдирдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдлреНрд░рд╛рдВрд╕реАрд╕рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗ рдкрд░ рджрд╛рд╡рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рдФрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рд░реБрд╣рд░ рдкрд░ рдХрдмреНрдЬрд╛ рдХрд░ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ред рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдиреЗ рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХреНрд░рд┐рдп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд░реЛрдз рдХреА рдкреЗрд╢рдХрд╢ рдХреА рдФрд░ рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬреА рдореБрджреНрд░рд╛ рдЫрд╛рдкреАред рдкреНрд░рдЪрд▓рди рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬреА рдореБрджреНрд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг, рдЬрд░реНрдорди рдЪрд┐рд╣реНрди рдХрд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдЧрд┐рд░ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЗрд╕ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдЕрддрд┐ рдореБрджреНрд░рд╛рд╕реНрдлреАрддрд┐ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд╡рд╛рдЗрдорд░ рдЧрдгрд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рдордирд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкрдбрд╝рд╛ред 1929 рдореЗрдВ рд╡реЙрд▓ рд╕реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдЯ рдПрдХреНрд╕рдЪреЗрдВрдЬ рдХреЗ рджреБрд░реНрдШрдЯрдирд╛рдЧреНрд░рд╕реНрдд рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдЕрдореЗрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рд╕рдорд░реНрдерди рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рд▓реЗ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ред рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ рд╕реЗ рдЬрд░реНрдорди рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмреБрд░реА рддрд░рд╣ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рд╣реБрдИред рд╢реНрд░рдорд┐рдХреЛрдВ рдХреА рдиреМрдХрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЪрд▓реА рдЧрдИрдВ рдпрд╛ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдХрдо рд╡реЗрддрди рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдмреЗрд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпрд╛ 60 рд▓рд╛рдЦ рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪ рдЧрдИ. рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯ рдиреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рднрдп рдХреА рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░ рджреАред

Question 2: Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.
Solution: In 1919 Adolph Hitler took over the German WorkersтАЩ Party and called it the Nazi Party, giving birth to Nazism in Germany. During the Great Economic Depression Nazism became very popular. The Nazi Propaganda which was very unique helped in making Nazism very popular. In his powerful speeches, Hitler promised to build a strong nation, restore the dignity of the Germans and provide employment for all. Numerous public meetings were held by the Nazi Party to instil unity among the people.

The red banners, the Nazi salute, and the rounds of applause attracted the people and Nazism became very popular. The Meetings projected Hitler as a saviour of Germany. The German people who were shattered after the First World War believed him.

1919 рдореЗрдВ рдПрдбреЛрд▓реНрдл рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдиреЗ рдЬрд░реНрдорди рд╡рд░реНрдХрд░реНрд╕ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдкрд░ рдХрдмреНрдЬрд╝рд╛ рдХрд░ рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдХрд╣рд╛, рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдореЗрдВ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдХреЛ рдЬрдиреНрдо рдорд┐рд▓рд╛ред рдорд╣рд╛рди рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдордВрджреА рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдмрд╣реБрдд рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЬреЛ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдЕрдиреЛрдЦрд╛ рдерд╛, рдиреЗ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдХреЛ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХреАред рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐рд╢рд╛рд▓реА рднрд╛рд╖рдгреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдиреЗ рдПрдХ рдордЬрдмреВрдд рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ, рдЬрд░реНрдордиреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЧрд░рд┐рдорд╛ рдмрд╣рд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рд╕рднреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд╛рджрд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдПрдХрддрд╛ рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрдИ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдмреИрдардХреЗрдВ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рдХреА рдЧрдИрдВред

рд▓рд╛рд▓ рдмреИрдирд░, рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рд╕рд▓рд╛рдореА рдФрд░ рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЧрдбрд╝рдЧрдбрд╝рд╛рд╣рдЯ рдиреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдХрд░реНрд╖рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реАрд╡рд╛рдж рдмрд╣реБрдд рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдмреИрдардХреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдЯрд▓рд░ рдХреЛ рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдХреЗ рдЙрджреНрдзрд╛рд░рдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдкреЗрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдкреНрд░рдердо рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдпреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЯреВрдЯреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЬрд░реНрдорди рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЙрди рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред

Question-3
What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?
Solution:
The peculiar features of Nazi thinking are as follows.

  1. Nazi ideology was the same as HitlerтАЩs worldview. According to this there was no equality between people but only a racial hierarchy. In this view blond, blue-eyed Nordic German Aryans were at the top called тАШdesirablesтАЩ while Jews (undesirables) were placed at the lowest rung. HitlerтАЩs racism was influenced by thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. The Nazi argument was simple: тАШThe strongest race would survive, the weak ones would perishтАЩ.
  2. Hitler believed in Lebensraum or living space. New territories had to be conquered to increase the living space.
  3. Nazis wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. It meant that even those Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to live. Under the Euthanasia Programme, the Nazi condemned to death many Germans, who were mentally or physically unfit.
  4. As soon as Hitler came to power he tried to eliminate the undesirables and the gypsy. The Nazis proceeded to realise their murderous racial ideals.
  5. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. They were called тАШundesirablesтАЩ. HitlerтАЩs hatred for Jews was based on pseudoscientific theories of race, which held conversion was no solution. They should be completely eliminated.

Question-4 Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
Solution: Films were made to create hatred for the Jews. The film, тАШThe Eternal JewтАЩ, showed the Jews with flowing beards and dressed in kaftans. The Jews were referred to as vermin, rats, and pests. Nazi propaganda compared the Jews to rodents.

Orthodox Jews were stereotyped as killers of Christ and money lenders. Stereotypes about Jews were even popularised through maths classes. Children were taught to hate the Jews. The Nazi propaganda against the Jews was so effective that people felt anger and hatred surge inside them when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.

рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдирдлрд░рдд рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдИ рдЧрдИрдВ. рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдо, 'рдж рдЗрдЯрд░рдирд▓ рдЬреНрдпреВ' рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝реА рд╣реБрдИ рджрд╛рдврд╝реА рдФрд░ рдХрд╛рдлреНрддрд╛рди рдкрд╣рдиреЗ рд╣реБрдП рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХреАрдбрд╝реЗ-рдордХреМрдбрд╝реЗ, рдЪреВрд╣реЗ рдФрд░ рдХреАрдбрд╝реЗ-рдордХреМрдбрд╝реЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдирд╛рдЬреА рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдиреЗ рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рддреБрд▓рдирд╛ рдХреГрдВрддрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреАред

рд░реВрдврд╝рд┐рд╡рд╛рджреА рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдИрд╕рд╛ рдорд╕реАрд╣ рдХреЗ рд╣рддреНрдпрд╛рд░реЗ рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рд╣реВрдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд░реВрдврд╝рд┐рд╡рд╛рджрд┐рддрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЧрдгрд┐рдд рдХреА рдХрдХреНрд╖рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рднреА рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдирдлрд░рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╕рд┐рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдпрд╣реВрджрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рдирд╛рдЬреА рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЗрддрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡реА рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЬрдм рд▓реЛрдЧ рдпрд╣реВрджреА рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рджрд┐рдЦрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рджреЗрдЦрддреЗ рдереЗ рддреЛ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЕрдВрджрд░ рдЧреБрд╕реНрд╕рд╛ рдФрд░ рдирдлрд░рдд рдмрдврд╝ рдЬрд╛рддреА рдереАред

Question-5 Explain what role women had in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.
Solution: In Nazi Germany, boys were told to be aggressive and steel-hearted, girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. Girls had to protect the purity of German race. They had to look after their homes and Nazi values had to be taught to the children.

Women who produced тАШdesirable childrenтАЩ were awarded. They got better treatment in hospitals, and got concessions in shops, on theatre tickets and railway fares. Honour crosses were awarded to women. A bronze cross was awarded to women for four children, silver cross for six children and gold for eight or more children.

рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдЬрд░реНрдордиреА рдореЗрдВ, рд▓рдбрд╝рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдХреНрд░рд╛рдордХ рдФрд░ рдлреМрд▓рд╛рджреА рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛, рд▓рдбрд╝рдХрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рдорд╛рдБ рдмрдирдирд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдЦреВрди рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЖрд░реНрдп рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди-рдкреЛрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реИред рд▓рдбрд╝рдХрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬрд░реНрдорди рдЬрд╛рддрд┐ рдХреА рдкрд╡рд┐рддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдХреА рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреА рдереАред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдШрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреА рдереА рдФрд░ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╛рдЬреА рдореВрд▓реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рджреЗрдиреА рдереАред

'рд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрдиреАрдп рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЗ' рдкреИрджрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рдореНрдорд╛рдирд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрд╕реНрдкрддрд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рдорд┐рд▓рд╛, рдФрд░ рджреБрдХрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рдерд┐рдПрдЯрд░ рдЯрд┐рдХрдЯреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд░реЗрд▓рд╡реЗ рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдП рдкрд░ рд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдпрддреЗрдВ рдорд┐рд▓реАрдВред рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдСрдирд░ тАЛтАЛрдХреНрд░реЙрд╕ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдП рдЧрдПред рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╛рдВрд╕реНрдп рдХреНрд░реЙрд╕, рдЫрд╣ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рд┐рд▓реНрд╡рд░ рдХреНрд░реЙрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЖрда рдпрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдмрдЪреНрдЪреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдг рдХреНрд░реЙрд╕ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред

Question-6 In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?
Solution: The Nazi state tried to establish total control over its people. Special forces were created to control the society, in the way Nazis wanted. Apart from SA or the Storm Troopers, and regular police, who wore a green uniform, these included the Gestapo (secret state police) and SS (the protection squads), criminal police, and the Security Service (SD). They were given extra-constitutional powers, that gave the Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state. People were tortured in Gestapo chambers and sent to concentration camps. People were arrested without any legal procedures.

рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдирд┐рдпрдВрддреНрд░рдг рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рдпрдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рдмрд▓ рдмрдирд╛рдП рдЧрдП, рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдирд╛рдЬрд╝реА рдЪрд╛рд╣рддреЗ рдереЗред рдПрд╕рдП рдпрд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЙрд░реНрдо рдЯреНрд░реВрдкрд░реНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛, рдЬрд┐рдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рд╣рд░реА рд╡рд░реНрджреА рдкрд╣рдиреА рдереА, рдЗрдирдореЗрдВ рдЧреЗрд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдкреЛ (рдЧреБрдкреНрдд рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕) рдФрд░ рдПрд╕рдПрд╕ (рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рджрд╕реНрддреЗ), рдЖрдкрд░рд╛рдзрд┐рдХ рдкреБрд▓рд┐рд╕ рдФрд░ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ (рдПрд╕рдбреА) рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдереЗред рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд-рд╕рдВрд╡реИрдзрд╛рдирд┐рдХ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рджреА рдЧрдИрдВ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдирд╛рдЬреА рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЦрддрд░рдирд╛рдХ рдЖрдкрд░рд╛рдзрд┐рдХ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╖реНрдард╛ рдорд┐рд▓реАред рдЧреЗрд╕реНрдЯрд╛рдкреЛ рдХрдХреНрд╖реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдЕрддреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдПрдХрд╛рдЧреНрд░рддрд╛ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рднреЗрдЬ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХрд╛рдиреВрдиреА рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЧрд┐рд░рдлреНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред

Summary:

1. Birth of the Weimar Republic

  1. The Effects of the War
  2. Political Radicalism and Economic Crises
  3. The Years of Depression

2. HitlerтАЩs Rise to Power

  1. The Destruction of Democracy
  2. Reconstruction

3. The Nazi Worldview

  1. Establishment of the Racial State
  2. The Racial Utopia

4. Youth in Nazi Germany

  1. The Nazi Cult of Motherhood
  2. The Art of Propaganda

5. Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

  1. Knowledge about the Holocaust