Solid portion of earth on which we live is called lithosphere .

• The gaseous layer that surround the earth, is the Atmosphere
• Water portion of the earth surface area is called Hydrosphere (water + ice + water vapour.)
• Land + water + air all together zone is called biosphere where all living things live there.
• The large land masses on the earth surface are known as continent. These are 7 in numbers i.e Asia, North America , Antarctica,Europe,Africa,South America.
• Huge water bodies are called Ocean basins. All oceans are connected to one other so the level of sea water remain same every where.
• Elevation of land is measured from the level of sea which is taken as zero.
• Highest mountain peak Mt. Everest is 8,848 meters above the sea level .
• Greatest depth of 11,022 meters is recorded is Mariana trench in pacific Ocean.
• Asia is the largest continent, is covers total 1/3 of the land of the world, tropic of cancer passes through this continent. ( eastern hemisphere )
• Asia is separated by the Ural mountains.
• Arctic circle passes through Europe.
• Africa is the second largest continent
• The equator ( 0 degrees latitude ) passes through middle of Africa continent. ( Northern hemisphere)
• Africa is the only continent through  which tropic of cancer , equator , tropic of Capricorn passes
• Word largest hot desert ( Sahara  desert ) located in Africa.
• Word largest river ( Nile ) flows through Africa .
• North America and south America is linked by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.
• South America  lies in Southern Hemisphere.
• The Andes, worlds longest  mountain  ranges , run through to SA.
• Word largest river ( amazon ) passes through SA.
• Australia is the smallest continent ( island continent )
• Antarctica lies on south pole region there are no permanent settlement, India has 2 research station these are named as Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri.( Bharati )
• Earth is called blue planet Because it has 71% of water . ( 97 % water in ocean ) 
• There are 5 major oceans.
• Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean 
• Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean.( highly indented ) 
• Arctic ocean is located in arctic circle and surround the north pole.
• Arctic Ocean is connected with pacific ocean by a narrow stretch of water known as Berring strait.
• Atmosphere Hight around 16,00 km
• Atmosphere composed ( 78%N + 21%O2 + 1 % other gases i.e CO2 , CO etc. )
• Nitrogen helps in growth of living organisms CO2 absorbs heat radiated by earth thus keeping the plant worm and also essentials for the growth of plants.
• Atmosphere is divided into 5 layers starting from earth surface:

• The major continents and major oceans of the earth